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SPEAKER_02: Hello. From Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Womanica. This month, we're highlighting ragers, women who use their anger, often righteous though not always, to accomplish extraordinary things. Today, we're talking about a Black woman who defied societal taboos to fight against slavery. Her passionate speeches and essays furthered the abolitionist movement and made her one of the first American women to become a public speaker. Maria W. Stewart was born a free person in Hartford, Connecticut in 1803. We don't know much about her parents, except that Maria was orphaned by the time she was five years old. She then became an indentured servant to a clergyman and his family. She taught herself to read and write during this period, taking advantage of the clergyman's private library. She remained in his service for a decade. After her indentured service ended, Maria moved to Boston. She earned a living for a while working as a domestic servant until she married James W. Stewart. He was a free Black man who had served during the War of 1812. When Maria met him, he was working as a shipping agent. James had earned enough wealth to put the newlywed couple in the small Black middle class in Boston at a time when Black people only made up roughly 3% of the city's total population. But Maria's days of financial security were short-lived. After just three years of marriage, her husband died. The white executors of his will prevented Maria from claiming his inheritance. The legal battle over the estate left her in poverty once again. Maria returned to domestic work to support herself. In the aftermath of James's death, she also turned to religion for comfort. Her strengthening faith went hand in hand with a new political fervor. She had already been rubbing shoulders in abolitionist circles in Boston, even befriending prominent radical abolitionist David Walker. Now, Maria wanted to become a more vocal part of the cause. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison, a white abolitionist and publisher, put out a call for Black writers to contribute to his abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. Maria showed up at his office with a manuscript containing several essays for his consideration. William agreed to publish them. In the summer of 1831, Maria's first ever pamphlet, Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, was published. In it, she called for Black Americans to organize together against slavery in the South and systemic racism in the North. Maria wrote, "'It is not the color of the skin that makes the man, "'but it is the principles formed within the soul.'" She also advocated for Black economic progress, women's rights, and the value of widely accessible education. Maria's political activism soon went beyond the printed page. In April of 1832, she stood before a female-only crowd at the African American Female Intelligence Society to deliver her first ever speech. A few months later, Maria delivered a second lecture at Franklin Hall in Boston, except this time there were men in the audience, too. This speech marked one of the first recorded instances of an American woman of any race speaking publicly, and it was a radical act at the time. In Maria's day, only men were allowed to pursue public speaking careers. It was considered improper and taboo for women to speak in front of crowds, especially in front of men. But Maria didn't care. In her Franklin Hall speech, she argued that the plight of free Black Americans in the United States was hardly better than those who were still enslaved. She said, "'Look at many of the most worthy "'and most interesting of us doomed to spend our lives "'in gentlemen's kitchens.'" Maria continued to submit her writing to William Lloyd Garrison for publication, though publishing conventions of the time relegated her political writings to the ladies' department of the paper. She also delivered two additional public addresses in Boston. Maria used Biblical allusions and imagery to sharpen her arguments against slavery and white racism. She called on other Black women to become active members of the abolitionist cause and to pursue educational opportunities. But Maria's time in Boston was running short. Her defiant stance against moral conventions of the time, especially her public speaking, had made her a target for threats and ostracization. One account of her public appearances mentions male audience members jeering at her and hurling rotten tomatoes. She was widely condemned for having the audacity to make public political speeches. So in September of 1833, Maria gave her final address in Boston, announcing her decision to leave the city. She moved to New York and launched a new career as a public school teacher. She remained politically active, participating in women's organizations. In 1835, William Lloyd Garrison published a collection of her speeches, essays, and poems called Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart. It helped expose her work to a broader audience and opened the doors for more women to begin lecturing publicly for abolition and women's rights. At the outset of the American Civil War, Maria was living in Washington, D.C. She established a school for the children of Black Americans who escaped slavery during the war. By the early 1870s, she was serving as head of housekeeping at the Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum in Washington. She continued to teach while she worked and lived at the hospital. In 1878, a new law was passed that granted pensions to widows of veterans of the War of 1812. Maria was finally able to gain some money from James' service. She used the money to republish her pamphlet, "'Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart.'" Shortly after its publication, Maria died at Freedmen's Hospital. She was 76 years old. All month, we're talking about ragers. For more information, check us out on Facebook and Instagram at Womanica Podcast. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Talk to you tomorrow.
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