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SPEAKER_05: Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. Today's maverick was one of the wealthiest women in Renaissance Europe. Born amid the violence of the Spanish Inquisition, she used her immense fortune to fight for her people, keeping her Jewish culture alive. Let's talk about Gracia Mendes Nací. Gracia Mendes Nací was born Beatriz de Luna in Portugal in 1510. Her parents were conversos, or new Christians, part of the forcible mass conversion of Portuguese Jews that had happened a decade earlier. But like many converso families, Beatriz's secretly retained their Jewish culture so Beatriz was also given a Hebrew name, Hannah. In English, Hannah translates to grace. In Spanish, it translates to Gracia. In 1528, Beatriz married another converso, Francisco Mendes. Though Beatriz herself came from a rich family, Francisco, a trader of spices and gems, was even wealthier. He and Beatriz had one child, a daughter named Reina. In 1536, Francisco died, leaving Beatriz a 26-year-old widow with a five-year-old daughter. Beatriz was also left half of Francisco's enormous fortune. Francisco's brother, Diogo, received the other half. That same year, the Inquisition was reinstated in Portugal. Conversos suspected of secretly practicing Judaism were investigated, exiled, jailed, and executed. Up until that point, Beatriz had managed to escape public scrutiny thanks to her Catholic name and her immense wealth, but she was the daughter of refugees. Her parents had fled Spain amid pogroms. She knew how quickly and how violently the tides could turn. So Beatriz decided to leave Lisbon while she still could. She, her daughter, Reina, and her sister, Brianda, settled in Antwerp, the capital of Flanders. Beatriz's brother-in-law, Diogo, had opened a trading office there with his half of Francisco's inheritance and expanded the family business into banking. In the 16th century, banking involved moving money across national borders and arranging bills of exchange. Beatriz quickly took to this work. She also established a secret network that ferried Jews out of Portugal on spice ships. With their money safe in bills of exchange, the refugees could start over in a new country. Diogo and Brianda, Beatriz's sister, soon married. The Mendez family thrived in Antwerp, establishing themselves as part of the cultural elite. But Flanders was still part of the Spanish empire, where the Inquisition was ongoing. They lived in constant fear of discovery. Five years after their move to Antwerp, Beatriz, Brianda, and Diogo decided to transfer their assets to a more tolerant country where they could freely practice Judaism. But before the move could be made, Diogo died. Beatriz, already in possession of half of the family capital, was named administrator for Diogo's as well. She, alone, was now in control of one of the largest fortunes in Europe. But not everyone was okay with Beatriz's new power. Beatriz's sister, Brianda, resented not being in control of her husband's money. She and Beatriz entered into a years-long legal battle over the inheritance, while Beatriz continued to grow the family's banking and trade businesses. In 1536, a Catholic nobleman set his sights on Beatriz's daughter, Reina. Though the family was publicly Catholic, Beatriz worried they would be outed as practicing Jews. So Beatriz, Brianda, and their daughters fled the Mendez mansion, bringing with them only as many jewels and possessions as they could carry. The women reappeared in Venice, with their identities as new Christians still intact. In 1549, the legal case between Beatriz and Brianda was finally settled. Beatriz moved to Ferrara, in northern Italy, and was welcomed by the region's ruling dynasty, the Este family. For the first time in her life, Beatriz could live openly as a Sephardic Jewish woman. She began going by Gracia and adopted the family name Nasi, Hebrew for prince. Beatriz, now Gracia, continued to help hundreds of Jews flee Portugal. She also financed Spanish translations of Hebrew books for those in the converso community. In 1553, the Hebrew Bible was translated into Spanish. What became known as the Ferrara Bible was published in two editions, one for Christians and one for Jews. It was dedicated to Donya Gracia Nasi, the very magnificent lady. Samuel Uske's poem, "'Consolation for the Triplations of Israel' was also dedicated to Gracia, whom Uske called the heart of her people. In 1554, Gracia and her daughter Reina moved first to Venice and then to Istanbul. In Turkey, Gracia became a leader in the Jewish community. She funded synagogues and hospitals across the Ottoman Empire. She also continued building a vast trading empire, utilizing her own fleet of ships to carry spices, grain, and wool between Turkey and Italy. After a lifetime of hiding, Gracia was finally safe both financially and culturally. But rather than enjoying the moment for herself, Gracia set about creating a similar sense of security for other Jews. She leased land in Tiberias, a town then under Ottoman control, and began rebuilding the area's abandoned homes. Gracia dreamed of creating a self-sufficient Jewish community, a community that would welcome Jewish refugees from across the world. And for a short while, she saw her dream succeed. Jewish settlement in the Galilee increased, and Tiberias briefly became a thriving Jewish city. Gracia's town is now regarded as one of the earliest attempts at a modern Zionist movement. Though a mansion was built in Tiberias in her honor, Gracia died at the age of 59 before she could occupy it.
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