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SPEAKER_04: Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. Today's leader was a brilliant political and military mind who successfully beat back the European imperialists trying to take over her country and then led her people through a successful era of modernization. Let's talk about Empress of Ethiopia, Tetu Betul. Tetu, which is the Amharic word for son, was born around 1850 in Deborah Tabor, Ethiopia into a regionally powerful family in the north of the country. There's no record of Tetu ever attending school or receiving any sort of formal education, but she was taught to read and write in Amharic, which would have been unusual for women of the time. It's also believed that she was taught the basics of power politics and diplomacy. She understood Gez, a language used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and was apparently a very talented chess player. When Tetu was 10 years old, she was married off to her first husband, who was an officer in the army. She would marry two more times before finally marrying her fourth and final husband, King Menelik of Shawa, soon to be Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. Tetu was over 30 years old when the two were married, making her an extremely old bride in Ethiopian marriage norms at the time. Still, the two were believed to be a very good match and extremely well suited for each other. After being named Emperor and Empress of Ethiopia in 1889, Tetu started wielding considerable power. She and Menelik fell into a routine where he would regularly avoid taking unpopular stances that would anger his constituents, allowing Tetu to step in and put her foot down, at which point he would have to go along with his wife. It was a basic good cop, bad cop routine. Tetu had a brilliant, savvy mind and became her husband's most important advisor in public and private. She was always consulted before any important decision was made. Tetu was also one of the first Ethiopians to realize that Italy had imperialist designs on the country. Italy had previously made overtures of friendship, but Tetu came to understand that their plans were much more problematic. She called the Italians out on it, saying, "'You want other countries to see Ethiopia as your protege, "'but that will never be.'" By the time relations between Ethiopia and Italy broke down in 1891, Tetu was essentially running the show and refused to concede any territory to the invasive Europeans. She put a stop to any negotiations that would have resulted in the loss of land to the Italians. When the negotiations came to a halt, war broke out between the two countries. Tetu rode out by her husband's side at the head of their army. She was deeply involved in military planning from day one. Tetu personally put together the battle plan that led to the Ethiopian victory at Makale, and it's said that her presence at the 1896 Battle of Adwa was crucial to the Ethiopian victory over the Italians. Adwa's generally considered the most significant victory of an African army over a European army during the apex of European imperialism. It was a humiliating defeat for the Italians and ended up having rather far-reaching consequences for Italy moving forward. Once the Italian threat was squashed, Tetu and Menelik founded the city of Addis Ababa, which remains the capital of Ethiopia to this day. Tetu actually chose the site for the future city. In the last few decades of her reign, Tetu was a force of modernization and eventually opened up Ethiopia to greater trade and technology. She also financed the construction of a number of well-known and impressive churches throughout Ethiopia. As Menelik's health disintegrated, Tetu wielded more and more power and authority. This didn't end well for her. Eventually, public discontent forced her to step down. Tetu died in 1917. She was around 67 years old. As always, we're taking a break for the weekend, but tune in on Monday for the story of Another Leader. And if you like what we do, please rate and review the show wherever you listen. It's really helpful and makes it easier for others to find us. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Talk to you on Monday.
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