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SPEAKER_00: This month of Encyclopedia Wamanica is brought to you by Macy's. Macy's is committed to honoring the gifts, voices, and legacies of Black people throughout February and year round. You can shop Black-owned businesses available at Macy's at macy's.com slash honors. And head to that link to donate to a range of charities that empower Black youth. It's just one way Macy's is demonstrating an ongoing commitment to inclusivity in everything they do. Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. Today we're talking about a pioneering Black journalist. As the first Black woman credentialed to cover the White House, the Supreme Court, the State Department, and Congress, she used her proximity to power to ask difficult questions and to push for progress. She combated rampant racism and sexism to accomplish extraordinary journalistic endeavors. Let's talk about Alice Dunnigan. Alice Allison Dunnigan was born on April 27th, 1906 in the small city of Russellville, Kentucky. Her father was a sharecropper, and her mother was a laundress. Alice showed an early aptitude for reading and writing, and she knew she wanted to be a journalist from a young age. At four years old, she attended school once a week and learned to read before first grade. By high school, she was contributing to the Owensboro Enterprise, a Black newspaper. Though Alice showed great intellectual promise, Black people were limited in the number of years they were allowed to attend schools in segregated Russellville. In 1925, Alice married a tobacco farmer. The union was brief. She ultimately left after realizing the farming life wasn't for her. Alice then took teaching classes at what's now Kentucky State University and became a teacher in the segregated Todd County school system. During her years as a teacher, Alice noticed a major hole in her students' education. They didn't know anything about African Americans' contribution to Kentucky's history. The required textbooks were not helpful in filling the major gap, so Alice created fact sheets to tell the story of Black excellence in the state. As World War II began, Alice moved to Washington, D.C. to work for the War Labor Board. As the war came to a close, she took night classes at Howard University and wrote for the American Negro Press. In January of 1947, Alice became the head of the ANP's Washington Bureau. Then in August of that same year, Alice made history. She became the first Black woman to receive credentials to cover the White House. She would also be the first Black woman to cover the Supreme Court, the State Department, and eventually Congress. She earned access that was usually off limits to women, African Americans, and most journalists writ large. In 1948, Alice earned herself another first. She was the first African American woman to cover a presidential tour. In 1988, she used her own money to fund her way. Alice used her position and proximity to power to ask hard questions. She reported on multiple presidential administrations and regularly pushed those in power to discuss segregation and the civil rights movement. In order to avoid her tenacious questioning, President Eisenhower opted not to call on her at all. When President Truman desegregated the military, he would be asked to open schools to Black service members. That was when he would integrate military schools nationwide. Shortly thereafter, Truman signed an executive order to open those schools to Black service members, the first step towards more ambitious integration efforts. Though Alice was a determined and barrier-breaking journalist, racism limited her ability to do her job. For example, in 1953, a new era took place in a whites-only theater. Alice's career extended beyond journalism. In 1960, she worked on Lyndon B. Johnson's presidential campaign. During Johnson's time as vice president and later president, Alice worked in his administration. Among other roles, she served as an informational specialist for the Department of Labor for one year and as associate editor with the Commission on Youth Opportunity the next. In 1970, Alice retired from government work. Four years later, she published an autobiography entitled A Black Woman's Experience, From Schoolhouse to White House. She also gathered the homemade worksheets she shared with students decades prior and published them as a manuscript called The Fascinating Story of Black Kentuckians, Their Heritage and Tradition. Shortly afterwards, on May 6, 1983, a black woman again passed away. She was 77 years old. At the time, few knew her monumental impact on journalism. Sonia Ross, a former White House correspondent for the Associated Press, uncovered Alice's story and nominated her for posthumous induction to the National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame. A local Russellville attorney and activist named Joe Grand Clark campaigned for a statue of Alice in the city's African-American Heritage Center. All month, we're talking about journalists. For more on why we're doing what we're doing, check out our newsletter, Wamanica Weekly. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram at Encyclopedia Wamanica. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. As always, we'll be taking a break for the weekend. Talk to you on Monday.
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