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SPEAKER_03: Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan,
SPEAKER_00: and this is Womanica. This month we're talking about folk heroes, women whose lives and stories took on mythic proportions. Today we're talking about a heroic woman who stood tall when her country was under siege. Let's talk about Kenau Simons Dohr-Hasselauer. Kenau Simons Dohr-Hasselauer was born into a well-known family of women and was born in the Netherlands in 1526. Her hometown, Haarlem, is a city in the northwest region of the Netherlands. When she was young, she married a ship builder. The couple had four children together before Kenau's husband passed away in the early 1560s. In the wake of his death, Kenau took over running the shipyard. This was not uncommon for Dutch women. Because Haarlem was a major trading port, many men worked at sea. They were away from their wives and children for long periods of time, so the women ran the businesses. Because of this, Dutch women had more autonomy and independence than many women in other European countries. Over time, Kenau became a well-respected businesswoman. In the 16th century, the Netherlands was under Spanish rule, but by the mid-1560s, the Dutch became dissatisfied with this dynamic. In 1566, disparate rebel groups began revolting against the Spanish government. This kicked off the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish king, Philip II, sent the Duke of Alva to the Netherlands to send a very simple message, cooperate or face the consequences. Many Dutch communities were nervous about the idea of a full-blown revolution. To make matters worse, any town that resisted was plundered and destroyed. As a result, many cities immediately surrendered when the Spanish forces arrived. But there was one city that refused to submit, Haarlem. On December 11th, 1572, the Spanish army arrived at the city prepared to continue its path of total domination and destruction. But Haarlem was surrounded by tall stone walls. Inside, the citizens were determined to fight, including women and children. One of those women was K'Nau. She was 47 years old and physically imposing. As the owner of a shipyard, K'Nau had plenty of wood at her disposal. It's said that she lent a significant amount of wood to the city to help build barricades and fix walls that were being shot at by cannons. Here's where K'Nau's story gets a bit fuzzy. Legend has it that K'Nau organized an army of 300 women. Under the name of K'Nau, the city of K'Nau was a city that was built by the city's women. Under her command, they defended the walls of Haarlem with swords, bricks, and cooking oil. But many historians refute this part of K'Nau's contribution. They believe the extent of women's participation stopped at hand-to-hand combat. This is partially because there were no women listed as war criminals. It doesn't help that the city's archive was also destroyed. What we do know is that every person in Haarlem fought hard. For several months, the Spanish held the city hostage, attacking with guns, swords, and cannonballs. But still, they struggled to overtake the city with the same ease with which they conquered so many other places. After a long seven months of fighting, rebuilding, and re-strategizing, Haarlem finally surrendered to the Spanish on July 13, 1573. The city was too low on food and ammunition to continue. In exchange for a large ransom, the Spanish forces didn't pillage what was left of the port city. They did execute anyone they could prove had taken up arms against them. Although Haarlem did ultimately fall, it proved that the Spanish were not invincible. They had their vulnerabilities. It revived a sense of hope among rebel groups. K'Nau left Haarlem and ran her business abroad. She returned in the late 1570s when the city was no longer under Spanish rule. K'Nau resumed running the shipyard, but never forgot about all the materials she'd lent the city. She requested to be paid back, and when she didn't receive her money, she wrote to multiple city officials explaining how she'd helped defend Haarlem during the siege. In 1588, K'Nau went out on a trading expedition to Scandinavia. She never returned. There was no evidence, but her daughters believed she fell victim to pirates. At the time, K'Nau was the epitome of a heroine. In art, she's depicted as a brave fighter. The term K'Nau even used to describe a heroic woman, but during the 19th century, it began to take on a different meaning. Today, a K'Nau was an unpleasant, bossy, unfeminine woman. Over time, what K'Nau represented no longer fit the national sentiment of the role that women were supposed to play. The family ideal, where women played an inferior role, had no place for a strong, confident woman who knew her worth. Whether K'Nau simply donated wood or courageously led an army of women into battle, she represents a time in Dutch history when strong women were celebrated and valued. All month, we're talking about folk heroes. For more information, find us on Facebook and Instagram at Womanika Podcast. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. As always, we're taking a break for the weekend. Talk to you on Monday.
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