Educators: Anna Leonowens

Episode Summary

Anna Leonowens was born in India in 1831. After her father died when she was young, she was sent to boarding school in England. She returned to India as a teenager and married Thomas Leon Owens, an Irish army clerk, in 1849. They had several children, two of whom died in infancy. In 1857, the family moved to Malaysia where Thomas worked as a hotelkeeper until his sudden death in 1859. To support herself and her two surviving children, Anna moved to Singapore and constructed a new upper class British identity for herself. In 1862, she became a governess for King Mongkut of Siam, teaching his wives and children English, science and Western culture. She helped modernize Siam while also criticizing the king's cruelty and use of slavery. After five years in Siam, Anna and her son moved to the United States in 1867. To make a living, she published articles, opened a girls school, and advocated for women's suffrage in Canada after moving there in 1878. She also founded the Victoria School of Art and Design in 1887, the first degree-granting art school in Canada. In her later years, Anna reunited with the new King of Siam and continued teaching Sanskrit at McGill University until she was 78. She died in 1915 at age 83. Her memoirs inspired the novel Anna and the King of Siam and its adaptations like The King and I.

Episode Show Notes

Anna Leonowens (1831-1915) was a women’s suffrage advocate, author, and lecturer who became famous as the British governess to the wives and children of King Mongkut (Rama IV) of Siam (now Thailand) in the 1860s. For those of you tuning in for the first time, welcome! Here’s the deal: Every weekday, we highlight the stories of iconic women in history you may not know about, but definitely should. We’re talking about women from around the world and throughout history. Each month is themed. This month we’re going back to school, highlighting educators and intellectuals.

Episode Transcript

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As a result of Patrick's unit assignments, the family moved frequently, but eventually settled in a city on the western coast of India in 1841. Some of Anna's childhood remains murky. Anna and her older sister Eliza attended the Bombay Education Society's girls' school, which was known for admitting mixed-race daughters of deceased or absent military fathers. But in her memoirs, Anna wrote that after her father died, she and Eliza were sent to boarding school in England and returned to India as teenagers. Whichever is true, it's clear that Anna made a purposeful effort to hide her ethnic background and lower social class. On Christmas Day of 1849, Anna married private Thomas Leon Owens, who was an army paymaster's clerk from Ireland. On the marriage license, Thomas combined his middle and last names, making them the Leon Owens. After her marriage, Anna cut off all ties to her family in India. In December of 1850, Anna gave birth to a daughter, Selina. But the baby only survived for 17 months. In 1852, Anna and Thomas emigrated to Australia. While on the boat, their son Thomas was born. Tragedy struck again, and baby Thomas died at the age of 13 months. During their four years in Australia, Anna and Thomas had two more children. A daughter named Avis in 1854 and a son named Louis in 1856. The following year, in April of 1857, the family moved to Malaysia, where Thomas found work as a hotel keeper. When he died suddenly two years later, Anna was left alone with very little money and two small children. She decided to relocate to Singapore. She also decided to construct a new identity for herself, that of a Welsh-born widow of a British army major. In 1862, Anna jumped at the opportunity to work as a governess for King Mankat of Siam, what's now known as Thailand. She sent her daughter to boarding school in England before traveling to Bangkok with her son to take up her post. The role of governess was usually meant for women whose social status matched their employers. Anna's fabricated high-born identity came in handy. King Mankat was intrigued by the West. He wanted to modernize Siam, while preventing European colonization. Anna's responsibility was to teach the king's children, especially the Crown Prince Chulalongkorn English, as well as science and literature. For five years, Anna also educated the king's reported 39 wives and 82 children on Western culture. They fondly referred to her as Mem. Although Anna was critical of the king's use of slavery and his cruel treatment of his many wives, she still acted as an informal secretary and helped him with his correspondence to Western powers as he tried to modernize Siam. In 1867, Anna and her son traveled to the United States during a leave of absence and ultimately ended up staying there when King Mankat died in 1868. To support her family, Anna briefly opened up a school for girls on Staten Island and regularly published travel articles in the Atlantic Monthly. Anna moved to Halifax, Canada in 1878 when her daughter married the general manager of the Bank of Nova Scotia. Her son-in-law's position meant money was no longer an issue. With this newfound financial freedom, Anna spent much of her time fundraising for the establishment of the Victoria School of Art and Design, which later became known as the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design. She's credited for founding it in 1887. It was the first degree-granting art school in Canada. Anna also became a staunch advocate for women's suffrage in the Canadian government and accepted high-level positions in Halifax's Local Council of Women and the Women's Suffrage Association. While in Halifax, she took time to travel around the world to countries including Russia, Germany and the United Kingdom. She published articles and books about her travels. In 1897, Anna reunited with Prince Chulalongkorn, who had since succeeded his father on the throne. He told Anna that he had abolished slavery and was ruling over a free country. But Chulalongkorn also expressed his dismay with what he felt was a cruel portrayal of his father in Anna's books, English Governance at the Siamese Court and The Romance of the harem. Anna stood by her depiction of the king in his court, but these books are highly controversial in Thailand. SPEAKER_01: Critics say Anna exaggerated her close relationship with the king, his mistreatment of his concubines, and the extent of her duties with the children. Anna spent the remainder of her days in Montreal with her daughter and grandchildren. She was a Sanskrit teacher at McGill University and taught up until she was 78 years old. In 1911, Anna suffered a stroke. She died four years later at the age of 83. If today's episode sounded familiar, that's because Anna's story has since become embedded in popular culture. She was the inspiration for Margaret Landon's 1944 novel, Anna and the King of Siam, which was then adapted to the stage and screen several times, often with the title The King and I. All month, we're going back to school, talking about women who shaped the world of education. For more on why we're doing what we're doing, check out our newsletter, Womanika Weekly. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram at Womanika. And you can follow me directly on Twitter at Jenny M. Kaplan. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. As always, we'll be taking a break for the weekend. Talk to you on Monday! This month of Encyclopedia Womanika is proudly supported by UNC Greensboro. Founded as a women's college in 1891, UNC Greensboro presents She Can, We Can, Beyond the Women's Suffrage Centennial. Through performances, films, lectures and concerts, UNCG examines how the decisions from our past affect us today. Join the experience and learn more at shecanwecan.uncg.edu. 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