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SPEAKER_01: Hi, it's Jenny. We're currently gearing up for season three of Encyclopedia Wamanica. In the meantime, we're mixing things up, bringing back some of our favorite episodes in many week-long-ish themes. Our current theme is revolutionaries. Stay tuned for a brand new season coming in September. Thanks for listening. Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. Today's Wamanican is well-known, but not necessarily for her days as a covert spy. She was called Moses for the cold nights she spent quietly and urgently leading enslaved people to freedom. Over the course of 11 years, she helped more than 70 people escape to the North along the Underground Railroad. Then she became a Union Army spy and recruiter, a hero of the Civil War. We're diving into the story of Harriet Tubman. As with many enslaved people in the United States, neither the exact year nor the exact place of Harriet's birth is known. Born Araminta Minty Ross around 1820, Harriet was the child of enslaved parents, Harriet Green and Ben Ross. Minty's mother was enslaved by Mary Pattison Brodess and later her son, Edward. Mary and her husband held Minty's parents at a plantation in Dorchester County, Maryland. When Minty was 12 or 13 years old, she suffered a blow to the head when a white man threw an iron weight at a black boy. Minty suffered from seizures and bouts of narcolepsy for the rest of her life. In 1844, Minty married John Tubman, a free black man. She changed her name to Harriet and took her husband's last name. Five years later, worried that she and others might be sold, Harriet plotted her freedom. She couldn't persuade her husband to leave with her, so she escaped without him and made her way to freedom in Philadelphia. Harriet risked capture and death by returning to Maryland to save her son. She took her son to Maryland some 13 times over the course of the next decade. She guided her family to freedom among many others. She was so persistent, skilled and courageous that she never got caught. The reward for her capture eventually reached $40,000 or what would be over $1.2 million today. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, she returned to North Carolina to nurse black Union soldiers. There, she was recruited by Major General David Hunter for a covert operation to become a spy for the Union and venture into Confederate territory. Formerly enslaved people were thought effective as spies because white Confederates underestimated their intelligence. These spies were exceptionally courageous, given that they were not legally free and were not the fugitives. Though Harriet couldn't read, she memorized the land and roots of the Confederate soldiers. Spies like Harriet often gathered intelligence from enslaved people behind Confederate lines. One such piece of intelligence was the locations of Confederate-planted barrels of gunpowder along a river where the Confederates planned to attack Union boats. On the night of June 1, 1863, the Confederate-led Union troops from the Sea Islands upped the black waters of South Carolina's Cumby River. Under the cover of night, they took up the planted gunpowder barrels in the river, sabotaged supply lines, burned bridges, and raided plantations to free the enslaved. At the time, Harriet was the only woman in US history to have led a military mission. That raid freed hundreds of enslaved people, ended Confederate control of the Cumby River, and spent millions of dollars of Confederate property. Despite this enormous success, Harriet wasn't recognized. At first, her name wasn't used in the story published by a Wisconsin paper that lauded the event. She petitioned the government multiple times to get paid for her service as a soldier and was denied. Harriet went to live in Auburn, New York, and married a veteran named Nelson Davis. Under the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Nelson was eligible to receive a pension for this service, but there was still no recognition for black women. Only when Nelson died a few years later did Harriet receive a pension, not for her courageous acts, but as her husband's widow. Harriet Tubman died on March 10th, 1913 in her 90s. Many mourned her passing and celebrated her extraordinary life and courage. It's said that her last words were, I go to prepare a place for you. All month, we're talking about spies. For more on why we're doing what we're doing, check out our newsletter, Womanica Weekly. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram at Encyclopedia Womanica. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Talk to you tomorrow.
SPEAKER_06: Bye.
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