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SPEAKER_02: Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. This month we're talking about beautiful minds, intellectual giants whose work had an extraordinary impact. Our woman of the day developed the theory of intersectionality, changing the way that society understands discrimination. Unlike many of the women we've highlighted on this show, she's still hard at work, but we felt it was important that she be included this month with our other beautiful minds. Let's talk about Kimberley Williams Crenshaw. Kimberley was born in Canton, Ohio to Marion and Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr. in 1959. She went to Canton McKinley High School before attending Cornell University. She graduated in 1981 with a degree in Government and Africana Studies. While in college, Kimberley noticed many classes that looked at issues of race and many classes that looked at gender, but a real lack of coursework that tackled the two combined. This didn't make much sense to her. After college, Kimberley went to Harvard Law School. There, she was one of the organizers of the Critical Race Theory Workshop, which gave name to the field of critical race theory. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, critical race theory is the view that race is socially constructed and functions to maintain the interests of the group that constructed it, namely white people. After Harvard, Kimberley got a Master's of Law from Wisconsin Law School and then began teaching at the UCLA School of Law. In 1989, Kimberley wrote a paper for the University of Chicago Legal Forum entitled Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex, a Black Feminist Critique of Anti-Discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Anti-Racist Politics. In it, Kimberley discussed and really broke down the concept of intersectionality, though she credits activists and intellectuals before her for speaking about the same idea. The theory of intersectionality speaks to the fact that the experiences of Black women can't be divided into sexism and racism. Rather, the prejudices against both identities reinforce each other and require a multivariate solution.
SPEAKER_02: Kimberley particularly focuses on intersectionality and the law. Anti-discrimination laws in the U.S. generally look at gender and race separately. That puts women of color in a situation where discrimination due to the combination of both gender and race is never adequately resolved and justice is simply not served. An example Kimberley has used to explain this problem is a court case called DeGraffin-Reed v. General Motors. A group of African-American women argued in the case that they were being barred from employment opportunities due to their gender and race. The group argued that at General Motors there was no opportunity for Black women to gain employment. Women were only allowed to have office and secretarial jobs at GM, but Black people were only hired in the factories, which exclusively employed men. The courts found no discrimination because they examined race and gender separately. Because Black men were employed in the factories and White women were employed in the office, the courts dismissed the case.
SPEAKER_01: From CBS News headquarters in New York, here is Dan Rather. Good morning. Drama and history on Capitol Hill. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas will be questioned about a former aide's charges of sexual harassment. The former aide, Anita Hill, now a law professor at the University of Oklahoma, will take the stand and testify as well.
SPEAKER_02: In 1991, Kimberley worked as part of the legal team for Anita Hill. Kimberley cited the importance of intersectionality in understanding the circumstances of that hearing. On the one hand, there were women across the country who felt passionately empathetic when it came to the harassment that Anita Hill described. On the other hand, when the Senate turned a blind eye, Clarence Thomas became just the second African American Supreme Court justice in US history, which many African Americans rightfully saw as a long-awaited increase in institutional representation. Kimberley has taught at the UCLA School of Law since 1986. She currently teaches advanced critical race theory, civil rights, intersectionalities, theorizing multiple discrimination, identity, and power, and intersectional perspectives on race, gender, and the criminalization of women and girls. Kimberley was also appointed a full professor at Columbia Law School in 1995. In 2011, she established the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy and Studies there. In 1996, she co-founded the African American Policy Forum, a nonprofit think tank working to dismantle structural inequality and expand racial justice, gender equality, and human rights. Kimberley has received many honors, and her influence has been widespread. Her work was even cited as influential in the creation of the equality clause of the Constitution of South Africa. The theory of intersectionality has caught on around the world. It's an important lens to better understand and fight against political, social, and institutional prejudice. Tune in tomorrow for the story of Another Beautiful Mind. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Talk to you tomorrow.
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