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SPEAKER_02: This week's episodes of Encyclopedia Wamanica are brought to you by Bonfire, the easiest way to design, sell, and order premium shirts, all virtually and risk-free with no out-of-pocket costs. On bonfire.com, you can upload a design or use their templates, and they'll take care of printing and shipping to your buyers. The platform allows you to fundraise to your community by encouraging supporters to wear your message loud and proud. They're trusted by the Women's March, Rock the Boat, and now, Wonder Media Network, too. Check out the Encyclopedia Wamanica t-shirt we designed to support the show, and sign up for Bonfire to kick off your own activist campaign at wondermedianetwork.com slash bonfire. That's wondermedianetwork.com slash bonfire. Hello. From Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan, and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. Today's activists worked tirelessly to free Ireland from British rule and inspired some of the world's most celebrated poetry along the way. We're talking about Maude Gonne. Maude Gonne was born near Surrey, England on December 21st, 1866. She was the eldest daughter of Captain Thomas Gonne and his wife, Edith Frith Gonne. When Maude was just four years old, her mother died of tuberculosis. From then on, Maude and her sister Kathleen were raised by a governess. When Maude was 16, her father was stationed in Ireland and the family resettled in Kildare. After suffering through her own bout of tuberculosis, Maude was sent to France to recuperate. During this time, she met and began an affair with a married right-wing politician and journalist named Lucienne Millevois. They shared a passion for the Irish liberation movement and had two children together. Their first, a son, died at 18 months from meningitis. Maude carried a pair of his booties with her until her death when they were laid beside her in her coffin. Maude and Lucienne's affair ended with the birth of their second child, a daughter. After her split from Lucienne, Maude returned to Ireland and threw herself into the Irish nationalist movement. She led protests that secured the release of political prisoners from British jails and managed to earn the respect of a fellow revolutionary, Arthur Griffith. And although rarely credited as such, Maude was instrumental in the creation of Sinn Fein, the strongest nationalist party of Ireland, alongside Arthur Griffin. In 1889, Maude met the famed poet William Butler Yeats, more often referred to as W.B. Yeats. Yeats fell passionately in love with Maude, but the sentiment was not shared. Maude and the unrequited love between them became Yeats' inspiration for much of his work. Maude was the muse for many of Yeats' characters, including Countess Kathleen, Kathleen ne Houlihan, Rose, Helen of Troy, and Deirdre. While Yeats is better known for his poetry, many of his plays premiered at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin and featured Maude in the titular role. Over the course of their lives, W.B. Yeats would propose to Maude on several occasions. She rejected him each time. Maude's attention was consumed by her activism. In 1900, frustrated by the resistance she experienced from male Irish nationalists who did not wish for a woman to join their ranks, Maude formed the Daughters of Ireland group. The group's aim was to secure independence for Ireland and to revive the Irish language and customs. One of the group's first acts was referred to as the Patriotic Treat, which involved a huge children's party that upstaged the government-sponsored events for Queen Victoria's visit to Ireland. The Daughters of Ireland created a school dinner system to help the poor and malnourished children of Dublin. The group also created the first ever women's newspaper to be published in Ireland. Eventually, the Daughters of Ireland consolidated under an increasingly radical group of Irish women revolutionaries called Cú Mhaon na mhaam, or the Women's Council. In 1903, Maude married a veteran of the Boer War, Major John McBride. Together, they had one son, Seán, before dissolving their marriage after just two years. Seán went on to become the chief of staff for the Irish Revolutionary Army and later became a founding member of Amnesty International. In April of 1916, while the British were preoccupied with the First World War, Republicans in Ireland rebelled. Over several days, thousands of Irish people, including several hundred women, stormed government buildings and declared an independent Ireland. The insurrection became known as the Easter Rising, and one of its leaders was Maude Gonne's former husband, John McBride. Seán was executed in the British retaliation. Maude was in France during the Easter Rising, but upon hearing of John's death, returned to Ireland to continue her support with the Irish Republicans. In 1918, Maude was arrested and imprisoned on suspicion of conspiring with the Germans against the British. When civil war broke out in Ireland in 1922, Maude founded another group, the Women Prisoners Defense League, to help secure the release of Republican prisoners. In 1923, Maude was arrested again and, along with 91 of her fellow inmates, started a hunger strike that went on for 20 days. She was eventually released due to poor health. In the years that followed, Maude continued to support the Republican side and to pressure British authorities for the release of Irish political prisoners. Maude died on April 27, 1953. She was 87 years old. She remains immortalized in the words of her great admirer, W.B. Yeats. Why should I blame her that she filled my days with misery or that she would have late have taught to ignorant men most violent ways or hurled the little streets upon the great? Had they but courage equal to desire? What could have made her peaceful with a mind that nobleness made simple as fire, with beauty like a tightened bow, a kind that is not natural in an age like this, being high and solitary and most stern? Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? All month, we're talking about activists. For more on why we're doing what we're doing, check out our Encyclopedia Wamanica newsletter, Wamanica Weekly. You can also follow us on Facebook and Instagram at Encyclopedia Wamanica. And you can follow me directly on Twitter at Jenny M. Kaplan. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Tune in tomorrow for a special bonus episode brought to you by the Women's Suffrage Centennial Commission. The Women's Suffrage Centennial Commission and the U.S. Senate designated August as National Women's Suffrage Month, a month-long celebration honoring the history of women's fight for the vote. They have a non-partisan mission to ensure that Americans across the country have the opportunity to participate in the centennial and to learn about this important but often overlooked history. To learn more about the Women's Suffrage Centennial Commission and its initiatives, tune in to bonus episodes releasing every weekend this month on Wamanica. And head to www.womensvote100.org. Talk to you tomorrow.
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