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SPEAKER_01: This week's episodes of Encyclopedia Wamanica are brought to you by Bonfire, the easiest way to design, sell and order premium shirts, all virtually and risk-free with no out-of-pocket costs. On bonfire.com, you can upload a design or use their templates and they'll take care of printing and shipping to your buyers. The platform allows you to fundraise to your community by encouraging supporters to wear your message loud and proud. They're trusted by the Women's March, Rock the Vote and now Wonder Media Network too. Check out the Encyclopedia Wamanica T-shirt we designed to support the show and sign up for Bonfire to kick off your own activist campaign at wondermedianetwork.com slash bonfire. That's wondermedianetwork.com slash bonfire. ["The Star-Spangled Banner"] Hello, from Wonder Media Network, I'm Jenny Kaplan and this is Encyclopedia Wamanica. Today's activist was a major proponent of prison reform in Britain. She's known as the Angel of Prisons. Let's talk about Elizabeth Fry. Elizabeth Gurney was born in Norwich, Norfolk in 1780 to a wealthy Quaker family. Her father, John, was a successful banker and her mother, Catherine, was a member of the family that founded Barclays Bank, which still operates as one of the largest banks in the world. Elizabeth was the odd one out amongst her siblings. She experienced mood swings and had difficulty learning, which biographers attribute to her dyslexia. Elizabeth once said, "'I was thought and called very stupid and obstinate. I certainly did not like learning, nor did I, I believe, attend my lessons.'" When Elizabeth was 12 years old, her mother passed away and Elizabeth was left to care for her younger sisters and brothers. In 1800, at the age of 20, Elizabeth married Joseph Fry, a London banker and fellow Quaker. Together, they had many children. Most sources say 11, five sons and six daughters, though some sources suggest they had even more kids. Elizabeth was an observant Quaker and frequently worshiped at the Friends Meeting House. It was there that she heard William Savory preach about the importance of altruism and philanthropy. His words inspired Elizabeth to help those in need. In 1813, Elizabeth visited Newgate Prison, which was notorious for its filthy estate and its dismal treatment of its prisoners. Elizabeth was appalled to see such harsh conditions. Women and children were tightly packed in small spaces with little room to wash themselves or clean their clothes. And while many of the Newgate prisoners had committed severe crimes, some of them had not, and others hadn't even received a trial. Elizabeth was determined to act. The next day, she returned to the prison with fresh loaves of bread and clean clothes, which she had sewn herself. She distributed them to the prisoners and encouraged them to keep their cells clean and find ways to be hygienic in the oppressive environment. Elizabeth didn't come back to Newgate until 1816 due to financial difficulties within her family. But upon her return, she dove back into the work. Elizabeth educated the children of Newgate who were imprisoned with their parents, teaching them practical skills like reading and sewing. In 1817, Elizabeth founded the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners. Along with 12 other women, she worked to advance prison reform and to provide female prisoners with education and tools for employment. Elizabeth fought for the idea that prison should be based around rehabilitation rather than punishment. She wrote, it must indeed be acknowledged that many of our own penal provisions, as they produce no other effect, appear to have no other end than the punishment of the guilty. In 1819, Elizabeth wrote, Prisons in Scotland and the North of England, and encouraged her society friends to visit Newgate themselves. At that time, Britain was in the practice of sending prisoners to penal colonies in North America, Australia, and India. At Newgate, the prisoners en route to be transferred to convict ships were bound by chains and unable to move around in tiny open carts. People in the streets pelted them with garbage. Elizabeth convinced the governor of Newgate to carry the women in closed carriages rather than open ones, and to ensure that all the women and children had enough food to eat on their voyage. Elizabeth also gave the prisoners sewing tools, Bibles, and other necessities to accompany them on their long journeys. With the help of her efforts, the act of transporting criminals to faraway lands was prohibited in 1837. Prior to that change in policy, Elizabeth visited every convict ship found for Australia for more than 25 years. Throughout the 1820s, Elizabeth inspected prison conditions and continued to advocate for the rights of prisoners. She presented her findings to the House of Commons Committee. In doing so, she became the first woman to present evidence to Parliament. Elizabeth's ideas influenced the 1823 Jails Act, which introduced a series of prison reforms, including regular visits made by prison chaplains. Elizabeth also cared for the homeless and poor, establishing a homeless shelter and an organization to collect and provide resources for those in need. In 1840, Elizabeth opened a nursing school, which inspired Florence Nightingale to take the nurses Elizabeth trained to help the soldiers of the Crimean War. Elizabeth's work was met with praise throughout Britain, and she was internationally recognized. The King of Prussia was so impressed by her activism that he visited Elizabeth on a trip to the country. Queen Victoria also expressed her support and donated to prison reform causes. In 1845, Elizabeth died from a stroke in Ramsgate, England. She was 65 years old. After her death, the Lord Mayor of London founded an institute for ex-prisoners called the Elizabeth Fry Refuge. It still operates to this day. All month, we're talking about activists. For more on why we're doing what we're doing, check out our newsletter, Wamanica Weekly. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram at Encyclopedia Wamanica, and follow me directly on Twitter, at Jenny M. Kaplan. Special thanks to Liz Kaplan, my favorite sister and co-creator. Talk to you tomorrow.
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