SPEAKER_04: Apple Card is the perfect credit card for every purchase. It has cash-back rewards unlike others. You earn unlimited daily cash back on every purchase, receive it daily, and can grow it at a 4.15% annual percentage yield when you open a high-yield savings account. Apply for Apple Card in the Wallet app on iPhone and start earning and growing your daily cash with savings today. Apple Card subject to credit approval, savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility requirements. Savings accounts provided by Goldman Sachs Bank USA. Member FDIC. Charms apply. Squarespace is the all-in-one platform for building your brand and growing your business online. Stand out with a beautiful website, engage with your audience, and sell anything. Your products, content you create, and even your time. You can easily display posts from your social profiles on your website or share new blogs or videos to social media. Automatically push website content to your favorite channels so your followers can share it too. Go to squarespace.com slash invisible for a free trial and when you're ready to launch, use the offer code invisible to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. Bombas makes clothing designed for warm weather. From soft breezy layers that you can move in with ease to socks that wick sweat and cushion every step. Six underwear and t-shirts are the number one, two, and three most requested items in homeless shelters. That's why for every comfy item you purchase, Bombas donates another comfy item to someone in need. Every item is seamless, tagless, and effortlessly soft. Bombas are the clothes that you'll want to get dressed and move in every day. I'm telling you, you are excited when you've done the laundry recently and the Bomba socks are at the top of the sock drawer because your feet are about to feel good all day long. Go to B O M B A S dot com slash nine nine PI and use code nine nine PI for 20% off your first purchase. That's Bombas B O M B A S dot com slash nine nine PI code nine nine PI. This is 99% invisible. I'm Roman Mars. Back in the early two thousands, an architect named Trey Jordan wrote a letter to Santa Fe, New Mexico's historic preservation division laying out the details of a house he was hoping to build in the city's historic district. The process started out pretty normal.
SPEAKER_03: We were just not ready for, for what happened. I mean, I don't remember the process being that thorny.
SPEAKER_04: The first indication that things maybe wouldn't go smoothly had to do with the color of the stucco that Trey wanted to use. I do recall that in my proposal letter, I had mentioned that the stucco color would
SPEAKER_03: be a custom color similar to, I think it was cottonwood, which is its standard color of a commercially available stucco.
SPEAKER_12: Buildings in the historic district have to follow a number of design guidelines so that they fit in with Santa Fe's traditional Adobe look.
SPEAKER_04: Senior producer Delaney Hall.
SPEAKER_12: The style, called Pueblo Revival, comes from indigenous Pueblo architecture and the area's old Spanish missions. Think low brown buildings with smooth edges. In the historic district, buildings can only be so tall, windows have to be a certain distance from the corners, roofs generally have to be flat, and stuccos have to be earth tone. And the stucco Trey wanted to use, the color that was close to cottonwood, it was an earth tone. It was just a little different than usual. Still, the board approved it. But then things started to get weird.
SPEAKER_03: When we stuccoed the house, it got back to me that two of the board members were very upset about the color and they took samples of cottonwood over to the house to hold it up to the stucco. Well, of course it didn't match cottonwood, but as I said in my letter, it would be a custom color similar to, and I think it was quite obvious that it was.
SPEAKER_12: There were other subtle ways that the house was different from the traditional Santa Fe look. The corners, for instance.
SPEAKER_03: So the corners were sharp, not round, not the ooey gooey Pueblo Revival look, but a little more crisp than that, geometric.
SPEAKER_12: I've seen this house and it's a bit modern, a bit angular, but honestly, it is not wildly different from the surrounding homes, which are done in a more traditional style. And even with the bumps in the process, like the disagreement about the stucco, Trey just wasn't expecting what happened next. A few weeks after his clients had moved in, Trey got a call from them. The house had been defaced in the middle of the night. You know, it was really, really frightening and really, really shocking that someone would
SPEAKER_03: get so angry that they would terrorize another family by defacing their house with a swastika and writing the words Nazi architecture on it.
SPEAKER_12: Nazi architecture had been painted on the side of the house. They don't know who did it.
SPEAKER_03: I was so just completely shocked and frankly scared. You know, I was really, I just thought, what is going on?
SPEAKER_12: Why do you think they wrote Nazi architecture?
SPEAKER_03: You know, I don't know if they just felt it was too strong or too modern. We think it was a comment about wanting to stop buildings like this from happening in the historic districts.
SPEAKER_12: If you're not from Santa Fe, this whole incident probably strikes you as totally absurd. And to be fair, even people from Santa Fe marveled at this when it went down.
SPEAKER_03: You know, there was some period of time thereafter where people would want to drive by and see it because of course it became, in this unfortunate way, it became notable. And it was so funny because so many people would call me and they just say, I don't understand what the problem is here. I just don't see it. I don't get it.
SPEAKER_12: I love the Pueblo Revival style. It's part of what gives Santa Fe its very distinctive look. It looks like no other city in the US, like no other city in the world. And people here are proud of that.
SPEAKER_04: But for some in the city, historic preservation is a very serious business. The aesthetics of Santa Fe have been carefully crafted and preserved. And deviating from those aesthetics is seen, at least by some, as a serious offense. You know, and I'm going to call you a Nazi level of offense.
SPEAKER_12: And this battle over style goes back more than 100 years. Ever since a group of early preservationists set out a vision for Santa Fe's architecture and in the process dramatically transformed the town.
SPEAKER_04: Adobe has a long history in northern New Mexico. Building with mud goes back hundreds and hundreds of years. The technique was favored both by the indigenous people of the region and by the Spanish settlers who arrived later on.
SPEAKER_12: But back in the 1800s, when New Mexico was vying to become a state, Santa Fe actually tried to leave its mud-based architecture behind. The city constructed buildings that screamed, hey, we're just like you guys.
SPEAKER_02: They were Italianate business blocks on the plaza.
SPEAKER_12: Architectural historian Chris Wilson.
SPEAKER_02: Schools and kind of a red brick Romanesque style, a 1900 neoclassical capital that would have been at home in any of the other new states.
SPEAKER_04: Local leaders hoped this architectural posturing would help convince Congress to let New Mexico into the union. They were well aware that East Coasters viewed them with some suspicion. The territory seemed like a dusty foreign outpost, unlikely to integrate into mainstream American culture.
SPEAKER_12: Eventually in 1912, after more than 60 years of trying, New Mexico became a state. But all of these attempts to fit in, they ended up being a bad thing, especially for New Mexico's newly minted capital, Santa Fe.
SPEAKER_04: Santa Fe was struggling economically. There was a railroad that went through New Mexico, but despite being called the Santa Fe railroad, it didn't go directly through Santa Fe and the city couldn't develop any serious industries without good rail access.
SPEAKER_12: Santa Fe was rapidly shrinking. And so the mayor at the time put together a planning board and told them to come up with a plan to save the city. They landed on tourism. Tourists had already started to come to Santa Fe in small numbers, but the board noticed that when they arrived, they weren't that impressed.
SPEAKER_02: Once they see our Americanized city, they press on, they press north to the pueblos. Tourism can be our salvation, but only if we reverse the ill-conceived Americanization of the last three decades.
SPEAKER_12: The board wrote up a document that's become known as the 1912 Plan. They recommended the city preserve its traditional adobe architecture, but the plan went even further. It said that any new development should also be done in the Santa Fe style. They wanted to create a kind of city-wide architectural brand based on the historical precedent.
SPEAKER_04: The sweeping scope of the 1912 Plan was pretty radical. At the time, most historic preservation in the U.S. focused on the homes of important old white guys. Mount Vernon, Monticello.
SPEAKER_02: So preservation was focused on single buildings.
SPEAKER_04: Santa Fe, on the other hand, decided to focus on the everyday architecture of its ordinary people and it expanded preservation beyond single buildings to the entire community. A city had never tried something so far-reaching.
SPEAKER_12: But many of the leaders behind the effort believed that this could be Santa Fe's salvation. Not in pretending to be a conventional American city, but in embracing its difference and selling it to outsiders. To those who are devotees of the great outdoors, to the splendors of its vastness and magnificent
SPEAKER_01: scenery, the urge is west to the Indian country.
SPEAKER_12: Santa Fe's tourism campaign took off. By the 19-teens, a wave of mostly white newcomers began arriving in the state. They were artists and anthropologists and health seekers. Chris Wilson calls them internal expats, the kind of people who might have gone to Paris, but instead went to Santa Fe.
SPEAKER_04: And one of those newcomers was John Gaumim. I became particularly aware of New Mexican architecture while lying in bed.
SPEAKER_12: John Gaumim was a civil engineer who'd come to Santa Fe from New York to recover from tuberculosis. And while he was recuperating, he became enthralled with the architecture.
SPEAKER_05: And I decided then and there, even though I was, I thought, getting very advanced in years, I'd better change my profession. And what I really wanted to be was an architect.
SPEAKER_04: And so at the very advanced age of 27, Meem switched careers and quickly became Santa Fe's go-to architect, especially for wealthy transplants from the East Coast and Midwest. But also then of important public buildings, churches, county courthouse, and so forth.
SPEAKER_12: Meem became the leading architect of the Santa Fe style, and he helped to bring a very old building tradition into the modern era. He didn't always use actual mud bricks. He used reinforced concrete and steel to create an Adobe-ish take on that old style.
SPEAKER_04: And his work helped the city of Santa Fe actually create the architectural brand it had imagined.
SPEAKER_05: And I think it's perfectly legitimate, not only legitimate, but almost a duty in a part of the world where we have native architecture with these wonderful shapes that we should recall them. It's worth preserving. I certainly agree with you 100% on that, as you know.
SPEAKER_12: All over town, new buildings went up in this Adobe style. And as far as attracting tourists, it worked. Between 1920 and 1930, Santa Fe went from 200 hotel rooms to 600.
SPEAKER_04: Everything was going great until a pesky new form of architecture showed up on the scene, threatening to ruin everything.
SPEAKER_12: In the 1950s, architectural modernism was spreading, even in Santa Fe. The city was growing, the tourist industry was driving more development, and there was a sense that Santa Fe was losing its grip on the style that had made it so distinct.
SPEAKER_02: And the traditionalist community that had reached this consensus around the revival style becomes alarmed, and they react against it.
SPEAKER_04: And so the preservationists, with John Gao-Mim as one of their leaders, doubled down. In 1957, the city passed an ordinance that required the Santa Fe style. It elaborated a number of sub-styles and created a large historic district in the center of the city, which included some of Santa Fe's oldest neighborhoods. They were full of Hispanic families. Some of them had lived for generations in Adobe homes built by their ancestors.
SPEAKER_12: With this new ordinance, any changes to a building in the district now had to be approved by a design board. And at first, critics worried mostly about aesthetics. They thought the look of the city would become boring and homogenous, or that it would turn into a kind of hokey, Old West stage set.
SPEAKER_02: They weren't against the city having a distinctive character, but they just doubted that the style guidelines were going to do it in the most vibrant living way.
SPEAKER_12: And were there questions raised about what the ordinance might do to affordability in the central city?
SPEAKER_02: No, there weren't arguments about potential gentrification, as we would call it now.
SPEAKER_00: Finally tonight, the sound of moving. That roar you hear in the American Southwest these days is the traffic heading to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The population is up 12 percent over the past decade.
SPEAKER_12: Over the next couple decades, Santa Fe got hit with a huge wave of tourism and resettlement. In the 1970s, there was an oil boom in neighboring Texas, and a bunch of newly rich Texans moved to Santa Fe.
SPEAKER_04: Then, in the 1980s, as international travel became more of a thing, Santa Fe became not just a national destination, but an international one. The city had spent decades perfecting its tourist identity, figuring out how to package and sell itself, maybe too effectively.
SPEAKER_02: The readers of Conde Nast's travel magazine in the early 1980s, put Santa Fe their number one tourist destination, and not just in the United States, but in the world.
SPEAKER_04: A million, sometimes two million tourists started coming every year. This was in a town of 50 or 60 thousand residents. Santa Fe started to get totally overrun by these visitors.
SPEAKER_12: And some of these visitors decided to buy up more of the city's old historic homes. This was gentrification, but like on steroids.
SPEAKER_02: These are the one percent or the one tenth of one percent, the very wealthiest of people who start to have multiple homes. They have a pied-a-terre in Manhattan, and they've got a house in Nantucket, and maybe a pied-a-terre in Paris, and now they want to have a house in Santa Fe.
SPEAKER_07: In Santa Fe, the neighborhoods are changing as fast as the builders can put up new buildings. There aren't a lot of barrios left. They're all becoming playgrounds for the rich. For the first time since 1600, there are now more Anglos here than there are Hispanics.
SPEAKER_12: It was during the 90s that Trey Jordan, the architect, started working for an architecture firm in Santa Fe. And he loved learning to build in the Santa Fe style.
SPEAKER_03: It's a vernacular that I think a lot of people find it easy to like. I mean, there's something quite charming about it.
SPEAKER_12: But he could also understand the irony of what was happening. How this old tradition had become in vogue with Santa Fe's wealthy newcomers.
SPEAKER_03: It's more or less a vernacular of poverty and a vernacular of survival. And we spend extraordinary amounts of money to nowadays reproduce a style that was really, you know, born out of necessity.
SPEAKER_12: Over time, the city implemented more restrictions and more code. The historic districts expanded. Limits were placed on the height of buildings. Commercial districts were encouraged to adopt the Adobe look. And so Santa Fe began to have stuff like a fake Adobe IHOP and a fake Adobe Panda Express. A wave of brown stucco washed over the city. The 80s and 90s were a tough time for a lot of people in Santa Fe. I asked one old timer, Joseph Montoya, what it was like living here during those years. And he thought for a couple moments before saying, it sucked.
SPEAKER_09: I think what happened, whether it was appropriate or not, a building resentment over like, gosh, we've got a lot of fine restaurants now in town that we didn't have before, right? I can't eat in them.
SPEAKER_12: Joseph's family connection to Santa Fe goes back generations.
SPEAKER_09: I don't go to the plaza because it's no longer my plaza. I don't feel comfortable in my own town.
SPEAKER_12: Joseph joined the city government in 1990. He's now the executive director of the County Housing Authority. Back then, he was also working on community development and housing issues. And the first thing he did was review some studies the city had already done, trying to understand why locals couldn't afford to live here anymore.
SPEAKER_04: He says that there was even one study that tried to actually quantify the cost of the Santa Fe style, like the exposed wood beams that support the ceilings in many homes.
SPEAKER_09: How much do vegans cost? Is there a cost difference between the kind of windows you have to put in or not? Or different doors? And they tried to add up that cost over and above what you might have to pay anyway.
SPEAKER_04: And yeah, the carved wood beams and the ornamental corbelling, for example, did add some costs. But that wasn't really the central issue. More relevant was the number of wealthy buyers flooding the city and driving up the cost of everything, including land. The city just couldn't build enough subsidized housing to keep lower income people housed.
SPEAKER_12: And that was partly because some of those newcomers began to fight new construction, not just in the historic district, but across the city. Joseph talks about the arguments they would make at community meetings. They would speak out against more density, more infill housing, taller buildings. They would say,
SPEAKER_09: This is going to ruin the quality of my life. I bought here expecting it to always stay the same because the community character is important to me. And it was seen as you were being a good citizen. And I think that's something that worked for a lot of people, right? That, oh, yeah, development is what ruined this city. And now we're going to stop it.
SPEAKER_12: But all the talk about community character always frustrated Joseph. Because what community were they talking about? And what character?
SPEAKER_09: So it's like, my God, you know, I know exactly that place they're talking about. We used to hunt rabbits there. And so that was the community character back then. And then, previous to that, that was a Native American campground. So what character are we taking? You know, the character that was created in 1973.
SPEAKER_12: Joseph watched in dismay as the NIMBYs gained political power and influence.
SPEAKER_09: I felt that if we've gotten to the point where there's a majority of people that the politicians were listening to, they can make this argument and win, the city has been lost. It was sad to see the demise, the complete demise of families and history and legacy being washed away.
SPEAKER_04: In some ways, Santa Fe had become a victim of its own success. The early preservationists set out a vision for protecting Santa Fe's historic look, and they helped create a tourism industry that's still the foundation of the city's economy. But the popularity of Santa Fe has also helped to create serious inequality. The town became an increasingly expensive place to live, and lots of people work in hospitality, taking care of tourists and making service economy wages.
SPEAKER_12: Locals who were pushed out of the historic district moved to the more affordable south side. Now many of them can't even afford to live there. Of the 80 cousins Joseph grew up with, he says only five are still in the city. These days, more than half of the people who work in Santa Fe don't live here, including Joseph. He lives in Albuquerque, commuting from an hour away to fight for affordable housing in his old hometown. Up until recently, I lived on the historic east side of Santa Fe in a blocky and frankly unattractive yellow steco house surrounded by gorgeous multimillion dollar adobe homes. And it was a strange place to live. I would sometimes find myself walking through the neighborhood as evening approached and the sky got dark, and I was always struck by the number of homes in which the lights just never came on. The neighborhood was eerily quiet. Down the street from me, there was an old adobe house that no one seemed to live in. There was never a car in the driveway. I literally never saw someone come or go. But landscapers would come in a couple times a month to mow the lawn and trim the trees. It was a beautifully maintained, seemingly empty specimen.
SPEAKER_10: We've been very intent on preserving the architectural character of our historic districts, but what has fallen through the cracks has been the community character and how that has really changed. This is Lisa Gavioli-Roach.
SPEAKER_12: She first worked in the Historic Preservation Division as a senior planner, and she said it often felt like they managed the districts as if the buildings were works of art in a museum. There was little discussion, she said, of the people who actually lived in those neighborhoods. She started to question everything about her field, and then she became the head of the division, which put her in a position to try and make some changes.
SPEAKER_04: Now Lisa says it's a mistake for preservationists to focus exclusively on the built environment of a neighborhood. Communities aren't just a collection of buildings.
SPEAKER_10: It's not just visual character that you're looking at. It's the sounds that you hear, the smells that you smell, the people that you interact with. All of those things contribute to a community's character.
SPEAKER_12: And those things have been dramatically altered in the historic neighborhoods of Santa Fe over the past few decades. You don't often hear kids playing or see neighbors talking to each other over a fence.
SPEAKER_10: You're seeing tourists taking photos, and you yourself start to feel like you're just like a character in a diorama or something. It starts to feel very different.
SPEAKER_04: The transformation of Santa Fe's old neighborhoods is complex. It's not like historic preservation is entirely at fault, but Lisa does think it's played a role.
SPEAKER_10: The city's approach to preservation is highly prescriptive, down to every single detail. Any exterior change has to come through our office, and most of them need a permit, even if you're fixing your fence or repainting your windows or, you know, little minor things like that. It feels very invasive, I think, for many people.
SPEAKER_12: And the process is also expensive. It often requires hiring an architect. It's just one more thing that can make it hard for old-timers to stay in their homes.
SPEAKER_10: You know, I was speaking to a homeowner just last week who was talking to me about her experience renovating her grandfather's home. And she just said the whole time that she was going through it, she really felt like it was tearing her family apart. And she just wondered, what are we preserving? She just kept saying that, what are we preserving? Because certainly my family's not being preserved. My family's connection to this place is not being respected. And it's so arduous just to get through it.
SPEAKER_04: Over the past eight months or so, the Historic Division has been working on a study to quantify the changes that have happened in the city's historic districts over the years. They found that between 1980 and 2018, even as the population of Santa Fe grew, the historic districts emptied out.
SPEAKER_12: Old families left, and their homes turned into second homes or short-term rentals. The people who now live in the historic district are generally white, wealthy, and old.
SPEAKER_10: The gentrification of our historic neighborhoods is all but complete. And in many ways, it's not reversible. And I think instead of just singularly celebrating historic preservation for creating and maintaining this tourist economy, we have to recognize that there have been other experiences here as well, and that the outcomes for our community are not all good. Is this really what we want? What do we value now in our community? It's not 1957 anymore. It's not 1912 anymore.
SPEAKER_12: There was one person I met while working on this story who embodied the complicated and sometimes contradictory relationship that Santa Fe has to its own past. Like Joseph, Ray Herrera's family has lived in Santa Fe for many generations. Ray grew up building and maintaining his family's old adobe homes.
SPEAKER_13: Everybody built with adobe back then. I guess you could say it's in your blood if you're a local Hispanic like me, whose parents and grandparents and great-grandparents were from Santa Fe, you know, originally.
SPEAKER_12: Ray still lives in the historic district. His family is one of the few remaining so-called legacy families, and he's watched as many of his neighbors and friends have been forced to leave. But he still supports the work of historic preservation. In fact, he's extremely committed to it.
SPEAKER_13: I was there at every meeting for 20-some years.
SPEAKER_12: Every week, Ray would show up at the H-Board meetings to testify. He would remind new homeowners about the history of the neighborhood, about who used to live in their houses, and about what Santa Fe used to be like.
SPEAKER_13: The buildings speak for the people that were here 100 years ago.
SPEAKER_12: Ray says his family and friends don't really understand his interest in preservation. For many of them, the historic districts and the whole project of preservation seems to be entirely in the interest of white homeowners.
SPEAKER_13: And my relatives and friends that don't live here anymore, they tell me, why do you spend your time fighting for the Anglos? And I said, I'm not fighting for the Anglos. I'm fighting to protect the small-town feeling of Santa Fe. That's what I try to preserve. You know, if it were up to these home builders and developers, we'd have homes running up and down the Santa Fe River.
SPEAKER_12: And you don't think it's worth it, even if it's, say, let Hispanic people who've been here for generations be here?
SPEAKER_13: The thing is that it's sort of too late to say that anymore because 90 percent of the Hispanic families have moved out.
SPEAKER_12: It's almost as if, unable to preserve the actual community of his neighborhood, the people he used to know, the neighbors he grew up with. Ray now has to be content to preserve the buildings they left behind. Over the years, Ray has fought every kind of development you can imagine. Development in the historic district, high-end housing developments, affordable housing developments.
SPEAKER_13: Anything. Ray Herrera was there fighting. Anything. If I showed up to a meeting, everybody stopped and looked and said, oh, God, what's happening? Ray Herrera is here.
SPEAKER_12: After watching Santa Fe change so much over his lifetime, Ray now resists every change he can. He's holding tight to an idea that many in Santa Fe believe deeply. It's a philosophy of urban planning that could be summed up as, if we don't build it, they won't come.
SPEAKER_09: Well, if we don't build it, we're going to stay the same. And we want to stay the same.
SPEAKER_12: Joseph Montoya again.
SPEAKER_09: And that is simply not true, right? What happens is the fittest survive, right? And people eventually get priced out of their ability to stay here. Change is just a part of life. And so you either accept it and try to take advantage of it, or you try to deny it and you get run over by it.
SPEAKER_04: The early preservationists tried to freeze Santa Fe at a particular moment in time. The style that they defined in 1912 and then codified in 1957 largely remains the style of the city today.
SPEAKER_05: If this had not been done, we would have lost, I think, the kind of city that Santa Fe is right now.
SPEAKER_12: When John Donneem said that, the city that Santa Fe is right now, it was 1964. We and the other preservationists couldn't have predicted the changes that would sweep over the city in the decades since then. But in holding on so tight to the architecture of that time, we've actually already lost a lot of the people and cultures that used to make Santa Fe what it was. And people like Joseph Montoya believe that if we don't change course, if we don't allow for more development and more housing, the rest of Santa Fe will follow suit. The whole city will become a kind of museum of cultures past with only the buildings reflecting who once lived here.
SPEAKER_04: Coming up after the break, we'll learn more about the Pueblo building traditions that form the basis for the Santa Fe style.
SPEAKER_04: The International Rescue Committee works in more than 40 countries to serve people whose lives have been upended by conflict and disaster. Over 110 million people are displaced around the world, and the IRC urgently needs your help to meet this unprecedented need. The IRC aims to respond within 72 hours after an emergency strikes, and they stay as long as they are needed. Some of the IRC's most important work is addressing the inequalities facing women and girls, ensuring safety from harm, improving health outcomes, increasing access to education, improving economic well-being, and ensuring women and girls have the power to influence decisions that affect their lives. Generous people around the world give to the IRC to help families affected by humanitarian crises with emergency supplies. Your generous donation will give the IRC steady, reliable support, allowing them to continue their ongoing humanitarian efforts even as they respond to emergencies. Donate today by visiting rescue.org slash rebuild. Donate now and help refugee families in need. If you need to design visuals for your brand, you know how important it is to stay on brand. Parents need to use their logos, colors, and fonts in order to stay consistent. It's what makes them stand out. The online design platform Canva makes it easy for everyone to stay on brand. With Canva, you can keep your brand's fonts, logos, colors, and graphics right where you design presentations, websites, videos, and more. Drag and drop your logo into a website design or click to get your social post colors on brand. Create brand templates to give anyone on your team a design head start. You can save time resizing social posts with Canva Magic Resize. If your company decides to rebrand, replace your logo and other brand imagery across all your designs in just a few clicks. If you're a designer, Canva will save you time on the repetitive tasks. And if you don't have a design resource at your fingertips, just design it yourself. With Canva, you don't need to be a designer to design visuals that stand out and stay on brand. Start designing today at Canva.com, the home for every brand.
SPEAKER_04: This show is sponsored by BetterHelp. Do you ever find that just as you're trying to fall asleep, your brain suddenly won't stop talking? Your thoughts are just racing around. I call this just going to bed. It basically happens every night. It turns out one great way to make those racing thoughts go away is to talk them through. BetterHelp gives you a place to do that so you can get out of your negative thought cycles and find some mental and emotional peace. If you're thinking of starting therapy, give BetterHelp a try. It's entirely online, designed to be convenient, flexible, and suited to your schedule. Just fill out a brief questionnaire to get matched with a licensed therapist and switch therapists at any time for no additional charge. Get a break from your thoughts with BetterHelp. Visit BetterHelp.com slash invisible today to get 10% off your first month. That's BetterHelp. H-E-L-P dot com slash invisible. So we're back with Delaney again, and you have another story related to the Santa Fe style that you wanted to share with us. So um, so where should we start?
SPEAKER_12: Well, I wanted to start with Roxanne Swensel. She's an artist and builder from Santa Clara Pueblo. And for people who aren't familiar with the Pueblos here in New Mexico, they're indigenous communities that, you know, in some cases go back for millennia. So they have a very long standing connection to this place.
SPEAKER_04: Very long.
SPEAKER_12: Yeah. And, and I would say in general, Santa Fe has a pretty complicated relationship with the surrounding Pueblos. You know, the city has built a tourism industry largely around indigenous art and culture. And so architecture is just one example of that. And so when we talk about the Pueblo Revival style, it's right there in the name. It's an interpretation or an appropriation of Pueblo design. And so I was curious to talk with Roxanne about, you know, what she makes of the architecture in Santa Fe. You know, there's a charming perspective.
SPEAKER_08: I can understand somebody coming in from somewhere else and thinking this is different. This is kind of unique. For us that grew up here, I find it incredibly distasteful. And we joke we call Santa Fe Santa fake because of the fake adobe.
SPEAKER_12: So there were a couple reasons I wanted to speak with Roxanne. One is that she has a long history of building real adobe houses. She's built 20 over the course of her life so far. And the other reason is that her mom, Rina Swentzel, wrote a lot about the disconnect between Pueblo ideas about architecture and, you know, European or I guess Western ideas about architecture. And Rina died in 2015, but Roxanne told me about how she got interested in architecture in the first place. And it all went back to this conflict at the Pueblo in the 1970s. And what happened is that the government, HUD basically, came into Santa Clara to build new housing. But the houses had nothing to do with our cultural ways of life or values.
SPEAKER_08: But they were cheap and free. So you know, people weren't going to turn that away. But my mother was desperate to see if she could stop it.
SPEAKER_04: And so why exactly did Rina want to stop it?
SPEAKER_12: The HUD houses were basically suburban in their design. You know, they were these single family homes.
SPEAKER_08: Where it's individual thinking, you have your own yard, you keep your neighbor out, you have your prefab house that you didn't make yourself. It's materials that you can't just go down the hill and dig up your mud and make a house. You have to have money to buy the materials. The way the houses were designed had to do with a lifestyle that was foreign to Pueblo lifestyle.
SPEAKER_12: SONIA DARA-MARTIN And so Rina actually enrolled at the School of Architecture and Planning at UNM in Albuquerque. And Roxanne said that she really felt like she couldn't fight this new HUD development without first understanding the thinking behind it. So she was very highly educated for that reason to really understand who these people were,
SPEAKER_08: how they thought, how they functioned. And her whole life was always trying to understand why they thought the way they did. DANNY SEGO So you have HUD who thinks they're solving
SPEAKER_04: a problem by providing free or subsidized housing, but they kind of have it all wrong, sort of based around individualism and suburbanism. And then you have that in conflict with the Pueblo worldview. SONIA DARA-MARTIN Right.
SPEAKER_12: And Rina Swensel really saw Pueblo architecture as an embodiment of the Pueblo worldview. She explained that you could understand a lot about Pueblo life by looking at its buildings and its village layout. RINA SWENSEL The way the village was structured portrayed
SPEAKER_08: that kind of community thinking in that there would be the main central ceremonial house, the kiva in the middle, with the outdoor spaces that everybody used, and then these individual spaces for storage and sleeping that surrounded that.
SPEAKER_12: SONIA DARA-MARTIN And then beyond that central space, Roxanne says, there were buildings for more storage, and then there were the corrals, and then beyond that, there were the fields. There was always this feeling like you could go deeper into the circle or further out,
SPEAKER_08: but you always knew which was your circle, and that was your village. So you could always find home. Home wasn't your individual house. It was the center of the village.
SPEAKER_04: JONATHAN So I think I know the answer to this, but were the HUD homes connected to this traditional structure at all?
SPEAKER_12: RINA SWENSEL No. No, they basically weren't. They were built on the outskirts of the Pueblo, and they didn't have a connection to that central ceremonial place that Roxanne described. JONATHAN I mean, I can also imagine that the shift away
SPEAKER_04: from building your own home instead of someone making it for you really does change that perspective as well. RINA SWENSEL Yeah, yeah, totally.
SPEAKER_12: And making homes was one of the ways that the Pueblo expressed its connection to this place where they had lived for hundreds and hundreds of years. JONATHAN So you know, you may watch a tree grow up
SPEAKER_08: from a little baby tree to a big tree and then cut it down and use it in your house for a vika, but you know that tree. It's your family. The dirt you go get to plaster or make your adobes with and stuff, it's just right there. So you know where the good dirt is and where the not so good dirt is. It's absolutely having a relationship. And when people stay in a place for many generations with that consciousness intact, the depth of the relationship becomes profound. And so is the houses then. Of course, they would be.
SPEAKER_04: DAN Okay, so Roxanne's mom, Rina, she went to architecture school and began writing and developing all these ideas. She wrote about these ideas. You said that she opposed the hut development. Did she end up really trying to fight the hut development in Santa Clara? RINA Yeah, she did.
SPEAKER_12: And you know, Roxanne said that that part was really hard for her. She apparently talked with everyone she could talk with about it, but it was kind of an uphill battle. And Roxanne says there was a disagreement within the Pueblo itself about whether the hut housing was a good thing or a bad thing. RINA Lots of fights, lots of disagreements and stuff because there's a lot of people
SPEAKER_08: in the community that want to become mainstream and that's where they're going to go. And that's okay. You know, they, everyone has to decide. But with my mother's help and others like her, there's this sense of like, let's really look at ourselves and see what is going on here so that we can choose. Because if we understand who we've been for thousands of years and then within a very short time we're swept into pieces, wow, you know, this is enough to stop and really look at and think about and start to really decide where are we going to go from here. HUGH That makes a ton of sense.
SPEAKER_04: I mean, you can see totally the perspective of HUD trying to solve this problem. I mean, I grew up in HUD housing. Like I would be homeless if it wasn't for HUD, you know, making sure that I had a home when I was a kid. But I wish they would have came into the situation with the same mindset that Rina did where she's like, I'm going to go to school and understand all of this. They really didn't come in with that mindset. That's for sure. RINA That's true.
SPEAKER_12: That is true. And I think in the case of the Pueblos, it's a very particular context. So these are places and people that have experienced multiple waves of conquest and settlement, and they've really had to fight to keep their traditions alive. And so I think for Rina, this felt like one more way that changes were being forced onto the community.
SPEAKER_08: RINA I remember my mother being very troubled because it was just one more way the government was assimilating us into the American society. SHANNON But of course, you know, to your point about
SPEAKER_12: the importance of affordable housing, yeah, that that situation is complicated. Like in Santa Fe, there can be this obsession with traditional historic styles at the expense of just building out more affordable housing. But then in this Santa Clara example, there was affordable housing coming in that just didn't do enough to acknowledge traditional styles and practices when it comes to housing. JOE Yeah, there's just there's just got to be this
SPEAKER_04: balance between building affordable housing and being sensitive to the local context, like everywhere.
SPEAKER_12: RINA Right. And you know, it was interesting. There were affordable housing advocates I spoke to while I was researching this story who said, you know, in Santa Fe, if we're interested in building a community that is rooted in historical building practices, the Pueblos do have a lot to teach us. So there are some traditional Pueblo communities, for example, that are four or five stories tall. They're dense, they're multi unit. And that kind of building is rare in Santa Fe, which is mostly built around the single family single story model. JOE Wow.
SPEAKER_04: So basically, the style of Pueblo architecture that Santa Fe sort of grabbed onto in the historic preservation was just this one really narrow slice of Adobe architecture, but there's so much more to learn from that they could be doing and creating dense housing.
SPEAKER_12: RINA Yeah, yeah, definitely.
SPEAKER_04: JOE So in the case of Santa Clara, did they eventually choose to include the HUD housing in their community? RINA Yes, they did.
SPEAKER_04: JOE And how did it affect the Pueblo? Like what is it like these days?
SPEAKER_12: RINA Yeah, I asked Roxanne about that. And she said the center of the village still has its old Adobe buildings. RINA But the middle of the village has emptied out
SPEAKER_08: of a lot of people. It's kind of like a ghost town of sorts, and it only gets filled up on feast days or certain occasions. There's a few houses that have people in, but most of the people have moved out to the suburbs. So it broke, it fragmented. JONAH But Roxanne says on the positive side, there's
SPEAKER_12: been a resurgence of interest in traditional Adobe building techniques, and she actually teaches workshops on Adobe construction. And she really credits her mom with giving her that sense of possibility when it comes to building. When we were talking, she told me this great story about how her first major building project was this family home that she built with her mom and dad. And she was a young teenager. She was in junior high. RINA I got to build my own bedroom.
SPEAKER_08: And I'm a little kid, and I got to make my own bedroom. So I built me a stairway up to a bed that had a neat pattern that went up around it and the stairs were goofy, but they worked. But I could make my own room. I'm so grateful that they gave me the knowing that you can.
SPEAKER_12: DELANEY And so, you know, it's kind of that sense of possibility that she got from her mom. You know, that's what she wants to give other people in the Pueblo, that there's this very long tradition of building there, and that, you know, they can do this. JONATHAN Wow, that is so cool.
SPEAKER_04: Well, thanks so much Delaney. I really appreciate you bringing this little extra part of the story to us. DELANEY Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_12: Thank you.
SPEAKER_04: JONATHAN 99% Invisible was produced this week by our senior producer Delaney Hall, edited by Emmett Fitzgerald and Katie Mingal, mixed by Bryson Barnes, fact checking by Francis Carr Jr., music by Sean Real. Kurt Kohlstedt is the digital director of the rest of the team, is Joe Rosenberg, Vivian Le, Christopher Johnson, Abby Madon, Chris Berube, Sofia Klatsker, and me, Roman Mars. Special thanks this week to Daniel Werweth, Rose Simpson, and the Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution for the John Gall Meme Oral History Interview, which was conducted on December 3, 1964. Thanks also to Audra Belmore, the curator of the John Gall Meme Archives of Southwestern Architecture at UNM. Finally, special thanks to the Historic Division's partners in the study they conducted. They include New Mexico Health Equity Partnership, historian and preservation planner John Murphy, Six Blooms, and Little Globe Inc. Little Globe has been conducting interviews with people in Santa Fe's historic district and helped connect us with Ray Herrera. We are a project from 91.7 KALW in San Francisco and produced on Radio Row, which exists in various corners of North America, but in its heart will always be in beautiful downtown Oakland, California. We are a member of Radio Topia from PRX, a collective of the best, most innovative shows in all of podcasting. Discover, listen, and support them all at radio topia.fm. You can find the show and join discussions about the show on Facebook. You can tweet me at Roman Mars and the show at 99pi.org or on Instagram and Reddit too. You like pictures of buildings made of mud? Well, I certainly do, and we got a bunch of them at 99pi.org.
SPEAKER_14: And the... Trip. Or maybe you're the kind of fan who'd prefer a... Trip to Texas. Or a... Trip. Either way, go to traveltexas.com slash get your own for the only trip to Texas that matters. Yours.
SPEAKER_06: Sometimes we lose, sometimes we win. Sometimes we try to fit it all in. Sometimes we don't know what's in store. Sometimes we find what we're looking for. Sometimes we're rolling easy and free. Sometimes one and one makes three. So much to love along this ride. That's why Nationwide is on your side.
SPEAKER_00: Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company and Affiliates, Columbus, Ohio.
SPEAKER_11: Is there any trip more delightfully unpredictable than a road trip? After all, who knows where the road will take you? Who knows where you'll stay? Will it be that no-name hotel that says no to every request?
SPEAKER_00: No, you'll have to find the elevators yourself.
SPEAKER_11: Or maybe the one with the extra stale Danish for breakfast. I think I broke a tooth. When you want a place you can always rely on wherever the road takes you, it matters where you stay.
SPEAKER_03: Welcome to Hampton by Hilton. Don't forget about our free hot breakfast.
SPEAKER_11: Hilton for the stay.
